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Tuesday, January 25, 2022

MathJax Symbols and Special Characters

The following list of symbols and special characters used in MathJax is based on the much richer and more comprehensive list made by Dr. Carol JVF Burns. Consult Dr. Burns website for more detailed information on MathJax and its use.

This page is intended as a quick reference for those who already know MathJax and just need to find the command or sequence of commands that is best suited to achieve their goals.

Links

# A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W X Y Z

#

$\#$ \# literal number sign; literal pound sign; needed since # is used to indicate arguments in definitions.
$\$ $ \$ literal dollar sign; needed since $ may (optionally) be used to delimit math mode.
$ \% $ \% literal percent sign; needed since % is used to begin a single-line comment.
$ \& $ \& literal ampersand; needed since ampersands are used as separators in alignment environments and for HTML entity references inside math mode.
$a_2 \\ a\_2$ a_2
a\_2
literal underscore; needed since underscores are used for subscripts.

A

$\aleph$ \aleph ℵ Hebrew letter aleph; commonly used for the cardinality of the real numbers.
$\alpha$ \alpha lowercase Greek letter alpha α
$\amalg$ \amalg this symbol is often used for co-products ⨿
$\And$ \And ampersand &
$\angle ABC$ \angle ABC use for angles.
$\sphericalangle ABC$ \sphericalangle ABC
$\measuredangle ABC$ \measuredangle ABC
$\approx$ \approx the "approximately equal" sign.
$\approxeq$ \approxeq
$\arrowvert$ \arrowvert not intended for direct use; used internally to create stretchy delimiters ⏐
$\Arrowvert$ \Arrowvert not intended for direct use; used internally to create stretchy delimiters ‖
$\ast$ \ast asterisk ∗
$\asymp$ \asymp asymptotic ≍

B

$\backepsilon$ \backepsilon
$\backprime$ \backprime
$\backsim$ \backsim
$\backsimeq$ \backsimeq
$\backslash$ \backslash
$\barwedge$ \barwedge
$\because$ \because
$\beta$ \beta lowercase Greek letter beta β
$\beth$ \beth Hebrew letter beth ℶ
$\between$ \between
$\bigcap$ \bigcap can change limit placement using \limits and \nolimits
$\bigcirc$ \bigcirc
$\bigcup$ \bigcup can change limit placement using \limits and \nolimits
$\bigodot \\ \bigoplus \\ \bigotimes$ \bigodot
\bigoplus
\bigotimes
$\bigsqcup$ \bigsqcup
$\bigstar$ \bigstar
$\bigtriangledown$ \bigtriangledown
$\bigtriangleup$ \bigtriangleup
$\biguplus$ \biguplus
$\bigvee$ \bigvee
$\bigwedge$ \bigwedge
$\blacklozenge$ \blacklozenge
$\blacksquare$ \blacksquare
$\blacktriangle$ \blacktriangle
$\blacktriangledown$ \blacktriangledown
$\blacktriangleleft$ \blacktriangleleft
$\blacktriangleright$ \blacktriangleright
$\bot$ \bot
$\bowtie$ \bowtie
$\Box$ \Box
$\boxdot$ \boxdot
$\boxminus$ \boxminus
$\boxplus$ \boxplus
$\boxtimes$ \boxtimes
$\bracevert$ \bracevert not intended for direct use; used internally to create stretchy delimiters
$\bullet$ \bullet
$\Bumpeq$ \Bumpeq
$\bumpeq$ \bumpeq

C

$\Cap$ \Cap AMSsymbols ⋒
$\cap$ \cap
$\cdot$ \cdot makes a single dot.
$\checkmark$ \checkmark #x2713;
$\chi$ \chi lowercase Greek letter chi χ
$\circeq$ \circeq
$\circlearrowleft$ \circlearrowleft ↺ counterclockwise
$\circlearrowright$ \circlearrowright ↻ clockwise
$\circledast$ \circledast ⊛ circled asterisk
$\circledcirc$ \circledcirc ⊚ circled circle
$\circleddash$ \circleddash ⊝ circled dash
$\circledR$ \circledR ® circled R
$\circledS$ \circledS Ⓢ circled S
$\clubsuit$ \clubsuit
$\complement$ \complement
$\cong$ \cong ≅ congruent
$\coprod$ \coprod ∐ coproduct
$\cr$ \cr carriage return; line separator in alignment modes and environments; in MathJax, these are essentially the same: \\, \newline
$\Cup$ \Cup
$\cup$ \cup
$\curlyeqprec$ \curlyeqprec
$\curlyeqsucc$ \curlyeqsucc
$\curlyvee$ \curlyvee
$\curlywedge$ \curlywedge
$\curvearrowleft$ \curvearrowleft ↶ counterclockwise
$\curvearrowright$ \curvearrowright ↷ clockwise

D

$\dagger$ \dagger † dagger
$\ddagger$ \ddagger ‡ double dagger
$\daleth$ \daleth ℸ Hebrew letter daleth
$\dashleftarrow$ \dashleftarrow ⇠ dashed left arrow; non-stretchy
$\dashrightarrow$ \dashrightarrow ⇢ dashed right arrow; non-stretchy
$\dashv$ \dashv
$\ddots$ \ddots ⋱ three diagonal dots
$\Delta$ \Delta Δ uppercase Greek letter delta
$\delta$ \delta δ lowercase Greek letter delta
$\diagdown$ \diagdown ╲ diagonal down (from left to right)
$\diagup$ \diagup ╱ diagonal up (from left to right)
$\Diamond$ \Diamond ◊ large diamond
$\diamond$ \diamond ⋄ small diamond
$\diamondsuit$ \diamondsuit
$\div$ \div ÷ division symbol
$\divideontimes$ \divideontimes
$\Doteq$ \Doteq
$\doteq$ \doteq
$\dotplus$ \dotplus
$\dotsb$ \dotsb ⋯ dots with binary operations and relations
$\dotsc$ \dotsc … dots with commas
$\dotsi$ \dotsi ⋯ dots with integrals
$\dotsm$ \dotsm ⋯ dots with multiplication
$\dotso$ \dotso … other dots
$\doublebarwedge$ \doublebarwedge
$\doublecap$ \doublecap
$\doublecup$ \doublecup
$\downarrow$ \downarrow ↓ down arrow; non-stretchy
$\Downarrow$ \Downarrow ⇓ double down arrow; non-stretchy
$\downdownarrows$ \downdownarrows ⇊ down down arrows; non-stretchy
$\downharpoonleft$ \downharpoonleft ⇃ down harpoon left; non-stretchy
$\downharpoonright$ \downharpoonright ⇂ down harpoon right; non-stretchy

E

$\ell$ \ell
$\emptyset$ \emptyset
$\enspace$ \enspace \enspace is a 0.5em space
$\epsilon$ \epsilon ϵ lowercase Greek letter epsilon
$\eqcirc$ \eqcirc
$\eqsim$ \eqsim
$\eqslantgtr$ \eqslantgtr
$\eqslantless$ \eqslantless
$\equiv$ \equiv ≡ the "equivalent" sign.
$\eta$ \eta η lowercase Greek letter eta
$\eth$ \eth ð
$\exists$ \exists ∃ there exists

F

$\fallingdotseq$ \fallingdotseq ≒ falling dot sequence;
$\Finv$ \Finv
$\flat$ \flat ♭ musical flat symbol
$\forall$ \forall ∀ universal quantifier; for all; for every; for each
$\frown$ \frown

G

$\Game$ \Game
$\Gamma$ \Gamma Γ uppercase Greek letter gamma
$\gamma$ \gamma γ lowercase Greek letter gamma
$\ge$ \ge ≥ greater than or equal to
$\geq$ \geq
$\geqq$ \geqq
$\geqslant$ \geqslant
$\gets$ \gets ← left arrow; non-stretchy
$\gg$ \gg
$\ggg$ \ggg
$\gggtr$ \gggtr
$\gimel$ \gimel ℷ Hebrew letter gimel
$\gtrapprox$ \gtrapprox
$\gnapprox$ \gnapprox
$\gneq$ \gneq
$\gneqq$ \gneqq
$\gvertneqq$ \gvertneqq
$\gtrsim$ \gtrsim
$\gnsim$ \gnsim
$\gt$ \gt > greater than
$\gtrdot$ \gtrdot
$\gtreqless$ \gtreqless
$\gtreqqless$ \gtreqqless
$\gtrless$ \gtrless

H

$\hbar$ \hbar ℏ Planck's constant
$\heartsuit$ \heartsuit
$\hookleftarrow$ \hookleftarrow ↩ non-stretchy
$\hookrightarrow$ \hookrightarrow ↪ non-stretchy
$\hslash$ \hslash ℏ perhaps an alternative form of Planck's constant

I

$A \iff B$ A \iff B ⟺ with a thick space on both sides if and only if; is equivalent to; non-stretchy
$\iiiint$ \iiiint four occurrences of ∫
$\iiint$ \iiint
$\iint$ \iint
$\int$ \int
$\Im$ \Im
$P\impliedby Q$ P\impliedby Q ⟸ with a thick space on both sides non-stretchy
$P\implies Q$ P\implies Q ⟹ with a thick space on both sides non-stretchy
$\in$ \in ∈ is in; is an element of; indicates membership in a set;
$\infty$ \infty ∞ infinity
$\intercal$ \intercal
$\iota$ \iota ι lowercase Greek letter iota

J

$\Join$ \Join

K

$\kappa$ \kappa κ lowercase Greek letter kappa

L

$\lambda $ \lambda  typesets the Greek letter lambda.
$\Lambda$ \Lambda Use  for the capitalised form. The whole of the Greek alphabet is defined similarly.
$\land$ \land logical AND ∧
$\rm s \ldotp h\\\rm s.h$ \rm s \ldotp h
\rm s.h
lower dot, punctuation symbol .
$x_1,\ldots,x_n $ x_1,\ldots,x_n lower dots; ellipsis; ellipses; dot dot dot …
$\le\\\leq$ \le
\leq
less than or equal to ≤
$\leqq$ \leqq less than or equal to ≦
$\leqslant$ \leqslant less than or equal to ⩽
$\leadsto$ \leadsto
$\left\updownarrow \phantom{\frac12} \right\Updownarrow$ \left\updownarrow \phantom{\frac12} \right\Updownarrow
$\leftarrow$ \leftarrow left arrow; non-stretchy ←
$\Leftarrow$ \Leftarrow left arrow; non-stretchy ⇐
$\leftarrowtail$ \leftarrowtail left arrow tail; non-stretchy ↢
$\leftharpoondown$ \leftharpoondown left harpoon arrow; non-stretchy ↽
$\leftharpoonup$ \leftharpoonup left harpoon arrow; non-stretchy ↼
$\leftleftarrows$ \leftleftarrows eft left arrows; non-stretchy ⇇
$\leftrightarrow$ \leftrightarrow left right arrow; non-stretchy ↔
$\Leftrightarrow$ \Leftrightarrow left right arrow; non-stretchy ⇔
$\leftrightarrows$ \leftrightarrows left right arrows; non-stretchy ⇆
$\leftrightharpoons$ \leftrightharpoons left right harpoons; non-stretchy ⇋
$\leftrightsquigarrow$ \leftrightsquigarrow left right squiqqle arrow; non-stretchy ↭
$\leftthreetimes$ \leftthreetimes
$\lessapprox$ \lessapprox
$\lessdot$ \lessdot
$\lesseqgtr$ \lesseqgtr
$\lesseqqgtr$ \lesseqqgtr
$\lessgtr$ \lessgtr
$\lesssim$ \lesssim
$\lfloor$ \lfloor ⌊ left floor; non-stretchy when used alone; stretchy when used with \left or \right
$\ll$ \ll
$\llcorner$ \llcorner lower left corner └
$\lrcorner$ \lrcorner lower right corner ┘
$\Lleftarrow$ \Lleftarrow non-stretchy ⇚
$\lll\\\llless$ \lll
\llless
$\lnapprox$ \lnapprox
$\lneq$ \lneq
$\lneqq$ \lneqq
$\lnot$ \lnot logical not ¬
$\lnsim$ \lnsim
$\longleftarrow$ \longleftarrow non-stretchy ⟵
$\Longleftarrow$ \Longleftarrow non-stretchy ⟸
$\longrightarrow$ \longrightarrow non-stretchy ⟶
$\Longrightarrow$ \Longrightarrow non-stretchy ⟹
$\longleftrightarrow$ \longleftrightarrow non-stretchy ⟷
$\Longleftrightarrow$ \Longleftrightarrow non-stretchy ⟺
$\longmapsto$ \longmapsto long maps to ⟼
$\looparrowleft$ \looparrowleft non-stretchy ↫
$\looparrowright$ \looparrowright non-stretchy ↬
$\lor$ \lor logical OR ∨
$\lozenge$ \lozenge
$\Lsh$ \Lsh left shift; non-stretchy ↰
$\lt$ \lt less than <
$\ltimes$ \ltimes
$\lvert$ \lvert ∣ non-stretchy when used alone; stretchy when used with \left or \right
$\lVert$ \lVert ∥ non-stretchy when used alone; stretchy when used with \left or \right
$\lvertneqq$ \lvertneqq

M

$\maltese$ \maltese
$\mho$ \mho
$\models$ \models
$\mp$ \mp minus plus ∓
$\mu$ \mu lowercase Greek letter mu μ
$\multimap$ \multimap

N

$\nabla$ \nabla
$\natural$ \natural
$\ncong$ \ncong not congruent ≆
$\ne$ \ne not equal ≠
$\nearrow$ \nearrow northeast arrow; non-stretchy ↗
$\neg$ \neg negate; negation ¬
$\neq$ \neq
$\nexists$ \nexists
$\ngeq$ \ngeq not greater than or equal to ≱
$\ngeqq$ \ngeqq not greater than or equal to ≱
$\ngeqslant$ \ngeqslant slanted not greater than or equal to ⪈
$\ngtr$ \ngtr not greater than ≯
$\ni$ \ni backwards ‘in’; contains ∋
$\nleftarrow$ \nleftarrow
$\nLeftarrow$ \nLeftarrow
$\nleftrightarrow$ \nleftrightarrow
$\nLeftrightarrow$ \nLeftrightarrow
$\nleq$ \nleq not less than or equal to ≰
$\nleqq$ \nleqq not less than or equal to ≰
$\nleqslant$ \nleqslant slanted not less than or equal to ⪇
$\nless$ \nless
$\nmid$ \nmid
$\not\gt\\\ngtr$ \not\gt\\\ngtr used to negate relations /
$\notin$ \notin
$\nparallel$ \nparallel not parallel ∦
$\nprec$ \nprec
$\npreceq$ \npreceq
$\nrightarrow$ \nrightarrow
$\nRightarrow$ \nRightarrow
$\nshortmid$ \nshortmid
$\nshortparallel$ \nshortparallel
$\nsim$ \nsim
$\nsubseteq$ \nsubseteq
$\nsubseteqq$ \nsubseteqq
$\nsucc$ \nsucc
$\nsucceq$ \nsucceq
$\nsupseteq$ \nsupseteq
$\nsupseteqq$ \nsupseteqq
$\ntriangleleft$ \ntriangleleft
$\ntrianglelefteq$ \ntrianglelefteq
$\ntriangleright$ \ntriangleright
$\ntrianglerighteq$ \ntrianglerighteq
$\nu$ \nu lowercase Greek letter nu ν
$\nVDash$ \nVDash
$\nVdash$ \nVdash
$\nvDash$ \nvDash
$\nvdash$ \nvdash
$\nwarrow$ \nwarrow northwest arrow; non-stretchy ↖

O

$\odot$ \odot
$\ominus$ \ominus
$\oplus$ \oplus
$\oslash$ \oslash
$\otimes$ \otimes
$\oint$ \oint changes size; can change limit placement using \limits;
$\omega$ \omega ω lowercase Greek letter omega
$\Omega$ \Omega Ω uppercase Greek letter omega
$\omicron$ \omicron ο lowercase Greek letter omicron
$\owns$ \owns

P

$\parallel$ \parallel
$\perp$ \perp perpendicular to
$\phi$ \phi lowercase Greek letter phi
$\Phi$ \Phi uppercase Greek letter phi
$\pi$ \pi lowercase Greek letter pi
$\Pi$ \Pi uppercase Greek letter Pi
$\pitchfork$ \pitchfork
$\pm$ \pm plus or minus
$\prec$ \prec
$\precapprox$ \precapprox
$\precnapprox$ \precnapprox
$\preccurlyeq$ \preccurlyeq
$\preceq$ \preceq
$\precneqq$ \precneqq
$\precsim$ \precsim
$\precnsim$ \precnsim
$\propto$ \propto
$\psi$ \psi lowercase Greek letter psi
$\Psi$ \Psi uppercase Greek letter psi

R

$\Re$ \Re
$\restriction$ \restriction
$\rhd$ \rhd right-hand diamond
$\rho$ \rho lowercase Greek letter rho
$\rightarrow$ \rightarrow non-stretchy
$\Rightarrow$ \Rightarrow non-stretchy
$\rightarrowtail$ \rightarrowtail right arrow tail; non-stretchy
$\rightharpoondown$ \rightharpoondown non-stretchy
$\rightharpoonup$ \rightharpoonup non-stretchy
$\rightleftarrows$ \rightleftarrows right left arrows; non-stretchy
$\rightleftharpoons$ \rightleftharpoons right left harpoons; non-stretchy
$\rightrightarrows$ \rightrightarrows right right arrows; non-stretchy
$\rightsquigarrow$ \rightsquigarrow right squiggle arrow; non-stretchy
$\rightthreetimes$ \rightthreetimes right three times
$\risingdotseq$ \risingdotseq rising dot sequence
$\Rrightarrow$ \Rrightarrow non-stretchy
$\Rsh$ \Rsh right shift; non-stretchy
$\rtimes$ \rtimes
$\rvert$ \rvert non-stretchy when used alone
$\rVert$ \rVert non-stretchy when used alone

S

$\S$ \S section symbol
$\searrow$ \searrow southeast arrow; non-stretchy
$\sharp$ \sharp musical sharp symbol
$\shortmid$ \shortmid
$\shortparallel$ \shortparallel
$\sigma$ \sigma lowercase Greek letter sigma
$\Sigma$ \Sigma uppercase Greek letter sigma
$\sim$ \sim
$\simeq$ \simeq
$\smallfrown$ \smallfrown small frown
$\smallint\smallint$ \smallint small integral
$\smallsetminus$ \smallsetminus small set minus
$\smallsmile$ \smallsmile small smile
$\smile$ \smile smile
$\spadesuit$ \spadesuit
$\sphericalangle$ \sphericalangle
$\sqcap$ \sqcap square cap
$\sqcup$ \sqcup square cup
$\sqsubset$ \sqsubset square subset
$\sqsupset$ \sqsupset square superset
$\sqsubseteq$ \sqsubseteq
$\sqsupseteq$ \sqsupseteq
$\square$ \square
$\star$ \star
$\subset$ \subset
$\Subset$ \Subset
$\subseteq$ \subseteq
$\subsetneq$ \subsetneq
$\subseteqq$ \subseteqq
$\subsetneqq$ \subsetneqq
$\succ$ \succ
$\succapprox$ \succapprox
$\succnapprox$ \succnapprox
$\succcurlyeq$ \succcurlyeq
$\succeq$ \succeq
$\succneqq$ \succneqq
$\succsim$ \succsim
$\succnsim$ \succnsim
$\supset$ \supset
$\Supset$ \Supset
$\supseteq$ \supseteq
$\supsetneq$ \supsetneq
$\supseteqq$ \supseteqq
$\supsetneqq$ \supsetneqq
$\surd$ \surd
$\swarrow$ \swarrow southwest arrow; non-stretchy

T

$\tau$ \tau lowercase Greek letter tau
$\therefore$ \therefore
$\theta$ \theta lowercase Greek letter theta
$\Theta$ \Theta uppercase Greek letter theta
$\approx \ \thickapprox$ \approx \ \thickapprox
$\sim \ \thicksim$ \sim \ \thicksim
$a\thinspace b\thinspace c\thinspace d$ a\thinspace b\thinspace c\thinspace d thin space; normally 1/6 of a quad
$\times$ \times
$\to$ \to non-stretchy
$\top$ \top
$\triangle$ \triangle
$\triangledown$ \triangledown
$\triangleleft$ \triangleleft
$\triangleright$ \triangleright
$\trianglelefteq$ \trianglelefteq
$\trianglerighteq$ \trianglerighteq
$\triangleq$ \triangleq
$\twoheadleftarrow$ \twoheadleftarrow non-stretchy
$\twoheadrightarrow $ \twoheadrightarrow non-stretchy

U

$\ulcorner$ \ulcorner upper left corner ┌. These are technically delimiters, but MathJax doesn't stretch them. They are valid after \left, \right, and the various \big commands.
$\urcorner$ \urcorner upper right corner ┐
$\unlhd$ \unlhd underlined left-hand (left-pointing) diamond
$\unrhd$ \unrhd underlined right-hand (right-pointing) diamond
$\uparrow$ \uparrow non-stretchy
$\Uparrow$ \Uparrow non-stretchy
$\updownarrow$ \updownarrow non-stretchy
$\Updownarrow$ \Updownarrow non-stretchy
$\upharpoonleft$ \upharpoonleft non-stretchy
$\upharpoonright$ \upharpoonright non-stretchy
$\uplus$ \uplus
$\upsilon$ \upsilon lowercase Greek letter upsilon
$\Upsilon$ \Upsilon uppercase Greek letter upsilon
$\upuparrows$ \upuparrows non-stretchy

V

$\varDelta$ \varDelta uppercase Greek letter delta; variant
$\varepsilon$ \varepsilon lowercase Greek letter epsilon; variant
$\varGamma$ \varGamma uppercase Greek letter gamma; variant
$\varkappa$ \varkappa lowercase Greek letter kappa; variant
$\varLambda$ \varLambda uppercase Greek letter lambda; variant
$\varnothing$ \varnothing
$\varOmega$ \varOmega uppercase Greek letter omega; variant
$\varphi$ \varphi lowercase Greek letter phi; variant
$\varPhi$ \varPhi uppercase Greek letter phi; variant
$\varpi$ \varpi lowercase Greek letter pi; variant
$\varPi$ \varPi uppercase Greek letter pi; variant
$\varpropto$ \varpropto proportional to; variant
$\varPsi$ \varPsi uppercase Greek letter pi; variant
$\varrho$ \varrho lowercase Greek letter rho; variant
$\varsigma$ \varsigma lowercase Greek letter sigma; variant
$\varSigma$ \varSigma uppercase Greek letter sigma; variant
$\varsubsetneq$ \varsubsetneq
$\varsubsetneqq$ \varsubsetneqq
$\varsupsetneq$ \varsupsetneq
$\varsupsetneqq$ \varsupsetneqq
$\vartheta$ \vartheta lowercase Greek letter theta; variant
$\varTheta$ \varTheta uppercase Greek letter theta; variant
$\vartriangle$ \vartriangle
$\vartriangleleft$ \vartriangleleft
$\vartriangleright$ \vartriangleright
$\varUpsilon$ \varUpsilon uppercase Greek letter upsilon; variant
$\varXi$ \varXi uppercase Greek letter xi; variant
$\vdash$ \vdash
$\Vdash$ \Vdash
$\vDash$ \vDash
$\vdots$ \vdots
$\vee$ \vee
$\veebar$ \veebar
$\vert$ \vert non-stretchy when used alone; stretchy when used with \left or \right
$\Vert$ \Vert non-stretchy when used alone; stretchy when used with \left or \right
$\Vvdash$ \Vvdash

W

$\wedge$ \wedge
$\wp$ \wp ‘wriggly’ letter p
$\wr$ \wr ‘wriggle’ symbol;

X

$\Xi$ \Xi uppercase Greek letter xi
$\xi$ \xi lowercase Greek letter xi

Y

$\yen$ \yen

Z

$\zeta$ \zeta lowercase Greek letter zeta